La epidemiología, discurso y saber / Analysis of health systems as political systems

A partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, la dimensión del lenguaje y la palabra fue tomando un lugar central en las reflexiones filosóficas y políticas en diversos ámbitos (tanto en Europa como en América del norte y del sur). Entre ellos, en el campo de la medicina, tanto en su ejercicio clínico como en sus derivaciones de orden social: el campo de la salud pública, las intervenciones epidemiológicas, comunitarias, etc. Surgió una crítica a la hegemonía del pensamiento científico. Frente a eso, diversas propuestas desde otros campos del saberse fueron incorporando al debate en el campo teórico, y en el político. Un debate entre la ciencia y sus aplicaciones frente a otras perspectivas de saber. Eso dio lugar a diversas prácticas conocidas bajo diversos nombres: medicina social, nueva salud pública, anti psiquiatría, etc. (parte del desarrollo creciente del psicoanálisis se inscribe en este conjunto), todas ellas críticas con la hegemonía indiscutible hasta ese momento del positivismo científico, que se postulaba como el único saber válido .La perspectiva iniciada por Foucault, luego seguida por muchos otros pensadores e investigadores, abrió un cuestionamiento de esa hegemonía de las ciencias y una valoración de otras perspectivas de saber, no científicas, pero con una validez que se imponía en las prácticas sociales .El campo del saber, investigado mediante lo que denominó "arqueología del saber" analiza esa dialéctica, mediante la producción de una serie de teorías y conceptos precisos: discurso, enunciado, archivo, entre otros. Ciencia y saber aparecen entonces como prácticas diferenciadas, en una relación compleja y plena de controversias fundamentales. A todo ello se agrega la "genealogía del poder", una dimensión del poder y la política profundamente imbricada con el campo del saber, que permitió que los análisis de las prácticas se conmovieran y renovaran de forma radical. La propuesta foucaultiana concluye indagando en las posibilidades de lo que llama "saberes sometidos" de no ceder ante las explicaciones universalistas -propias de la ciencia-para dar cuenta de los procesos humanos. Propugna entonces un desarrollo de los discursos críticos, que frente a los saberes eruditos -propios de la ciencia y sus instituciones-puedan sostener la emergencia de un "saber histórico de las luchas".

Since the second half of the 20th century, the dimension of language and the word has been taking a central place in philosophical and political reflections in various fields (both in Europe and in North and South America). Among them, in the field of medicine, both in its clinical practice and in its social derivations: the field of public health, epidemiological and community interventions, etc. A criticism arose against the hegemony of scientific thought. In response to this, various proposals from other fields of knowledge were incorporated into the debate in the theoretical and political fields. A debate between science and its applications versus other perspectives of knowledge. This gave rise to various practices known under different names: social medicine, new public health, anti-psychiatry, etc. (part of the growing development of psychoanalysis is inscribed in this group), all of them critical of the undisputed hegemony up to that time of scientific positivism, which was postulated as the only valid knowledge.The perspective initiated by Foucault, then followed by many other thinkers and researchers, opened a questioning of this hegemony of the sciences and a valuation of other perspectives of knowledge, non-scientific, but with a validity that was imposed on social practices.The field of knowledge, investigated through what he called "archeology of knowledge", analyzes this dialectic through the production of a series of theories and precise concepts: discourse, enunciation, archive, among others. Science and knowledge appear then as differentiated practices, in a complex relationship full of fundamental controversies.To all this is added the "genealogy of power", a dimension of power and politics deeply intertwined with the field of knowledge, which allowed the analysis of practices to be radically moved and renewed.Foucault's proposal concludes with an inquiry into the possibilities of what he calls "subjected knowledges" of not yielding to universalist explanations -proper of science-in order to account for human processes. He then advocates a development of critical discourses, which, in the face of erudite knowledge ­proper to science and its institutions-can sustain the emergence of a "historical knowledge of struggles".

Protección de la infancia y saberes expertos: un archivo interamericano como campo etnográfico / Child protection and expert knowledge: An inter-American archive as an ethnographic field / Proteção das crianças e conhecimentos especializados: um arquivo interamericano como um campo etnográfico

Resumen (analítico) El objetivo de este artículo es conocer y comprender los procesos de construcción del campo especializado de saberes e intervención que constituyó la protección de la infancia en América a lo largo del siglo XX. El análisis se basa en un trabajo etnográfico en el archivo del Instituto Interamericano del Niño, la Niña y Adolescentes; concreta-mente, en una sistematización documental a partir de la cual es posible explorar diversas versiones del modelo preventivo que se expandió en la región, y sobre el cual se erigieron las «voces autorizadas¼ para definir a determinadas infancias como modélicas. La hipótesis de trabajo es que los idearios de progreso y desarrollo que gravitaron sobre los proyectos de sociedad en ese periodo tuvieron un impacto específico en la construcción y legitimación de tales definiciones.

Abstract (analytical) The paper objective is to know and understand the construction processes of the specialized field of knowledge and intervention that constituted child protection in the Americas throughout the twentieth century. The analysis is based on an ethnographic work in the archives of the Inter-American Children's Institute, specifically on a documental systematization from which it is possible to explore different versions of the preventative model that expanded in the region, and on which the «authorized voices¼ were raised to define certain childhoods as a model. The working hypothesis is that the ideologies of progress and development that influenced society's projects in that period had a specific impact on the construction and legitimization of such definitions.

Resumo (analítico) O objetivo deste artigo é compreender os processos de construção do campo especializado do conhecimento e da intervenção que constituiu a proteção das crianças na América ao longo do século XX. A análise se baseia no trabalho etnográfico nos arquivos do Instituto Interamericano da Criança, especificamente em uma sistematização documental a partir da qual é possível explorar várias versões do modelo preventivo que se difundiram na região, e sobre o qual foram erguidas as «vozes autorizadas¼ para definir certas crianças como exemplares. A hipótese de trabalho é que as ideologias de progresso e desenvolvimento que influenciaram os projetos da sociedade naquele período tiveram um impacto específico na construção e legitimação de tais definições.

Arquivabilidade de websites para preservação digital: estudo a partir da área da saúde / Archivability of websites for digital preservation: study from the health area / Archivabilidad de sitios web para preservación digital: estudio del area de salud

Em busca de uma solução para compreender as razões pelas quais alguns recursos presentes em websites não são possíveis de serem arquivados pelas ferramentas de captura, surgiu o conceito de arquivabilidade da web. Apresentamos este estudo que propõe iniciar uma discussão acerca do tema, a partir do método CLEAR+ e da ferramenta ArchiveReady, e verificar sua aplicabilidade a partir da identificação de websites da área da saúde, com testes de preservação digital por meio do arquivamento da web. A pesquisa configurou-se como estudo de caso, com procedimentos envolvendo pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, bem como o uso de software para identificar arquivabilidade dos sites. Conclui-se que tanto os testes de arquivabilidade quanto os de arquivamento da web apontam para poucas dificuldades de captura, em pequeno grau, sugerindo-se, portanto, que para atingir uma melhor qualidade de captura sejam adotados padrões de conformidade na produção dos websites, de acordo com o estabelecido pelo World Wide Web Consortium.

In search for a solution to understand the reasons why some resources present on websites are not possible to be archived by capture tools, we approach the concept of web archivability. We present this study that proposes to initiate a discussion about the evaluation of the archivability, using the CLEAR+ method and the ArchiveReady, and to verify their applicability from the identification of websites in the health studies, with digital preservation tests through the web archiving. The research was configured as a case study, with procedures involving bibliographic and documentary research, as well as the use of software to identify the archivability of the sites. It is concluded that both archivability tests and web archiving tests point to little capture difficulties, to a small degree, therefore suggesting that to achieve better capture quality, compliance standards should be adopted in the production of websites, according to what is established by the World Wide Web Consortium.

En la búsqueda de una solución para comprender las razones por las cuales las herramientas de captura no pueden archivar algunos recursos presentes en sitios web, abordamos el concepto de archivabilidad de la web. Presentamos este estudio que propone iniciar una discusión sobre la evaluación de la archivabilidad de los sitios web, utilizando el método CLEAR+ y la herramienta ArchiveReady, y verificar su aplicabilidad a partir de la identificación de sitios web en los estudios de salud, con pruebas de preservación digital a través del archivo web. La investigación se configuró como un estudio de caso, con procedimientos que implican investigación bibliográfica y documental, así como el uso de software para identificar la capacidad de archivo de los sitios. Se concluye que tanto las pruebas de archivabilidad como las pruebas de archivo web apuntan a pequeñas dificultades de captura, en un pequeño grado, lo que sugiere que para lograr una mejor calidad de captura, se deben adoptar estándares de cumplimiento en la producción de sitios web de acuerdo con lo establecido por el World Wide Consorcio Web.

Modelo para elaboração de políticas de preservação digital de documentos de arquivo por instituições de ensino superior: o caso da Unesp / Model for the elaboration of policies for the digital preservation of records by higher education institutions: the case of Unesp / Modelo para la elaboración de políticas de preservación digital de documentos de archivo por instituciones de educación superior: el caso de la Unesp

Um dos desafios das mudanças e evoluções das tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) em corporações é a preservação das informações digitais. Entre as corporações com grande geração de informações digitais estão as universidades. Neste artigo, é apresentada uma estratégia para se elaborar uma política de preservação digital no bojo de uma política arquivística direcionada para a manutenção da autenticidade dos documentos de arquivo. O objetivo é expor um modelo para elaboração de políticas de preservação digital de documentos de arquivo por instituições de ensino superior (IES), com os elementos que devem compô-las, a partir da literatura estudada e da política elaborada e aprovada na Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp). São apresentados os conceitos relacionados à política arquivística para a preservação digital de documentos de arquivo, sua definição, seus aspectos e elementos. Concluiu-se que o modelo pode ser adaptado para outros objetos digitais, bem como para outras instituições.

One of the challenges of the changes and evolutions of the information and communication technology (ICT) in corporations is the preservation of digital information. The universities are among the corporations with a large generation of digital information. This article presents a strategy for the elaboration of a digital preservation policy, in the context of an archival policy which is aimed at maintaining the authenticity of archival documents. The objective of this article is to present a model so that the higher education institutions could making policies for the digital preservation of their archival documents, showing the elements that must compose each one, based on the studied literature and on the policy elaborated in Unesp and which was officially approved by that institution. Concepts related to archival policy for the digital preservation of archival documents, their definition, aspects and elements are presented here. It was concluded that the model can be adapted for other digital objects, as well as for other institutions.

Uno de los desafíos de los cambios y la evolución de las TIC en las corporaciones es la preservación de informaciones digitales. Entre las corporaciones con una gran generación de información digital se encuentran las universidades. En este artículo, se presenta una estrategia para elaborar una política de preservación digital, en medio de una política de archivo dirigida a mantener la autenticidad de los documentos de archivo. El objetivo del artículo es presentar un modelo para la elaboración de políticas de preservación digital de documentos de archivo por instituciones de enseñanza superior, con los elementos que deben componerlas, basado en la literatura estudiada y en la política desarrollada y aprobada en la Unesp. Se presentan conceptos relacionados con la política de archivo para la preservación digital de documentos de archivo, su definición, aspectos y elementos. Se concluyó que este modelo puede adaptarse para otros objetos digitales, así como para otras instituciones.

Autenticidade e preservação de Registros Eletrônicos em Saúde: proposta de modelagem da cadeia de custódia das informações orgânicas do Sistema Único de Saúde / Authenticity and preservation of Electronic Records in Health: proposal of chain of custody model for the Unified Health System organic information / Autenticidad y preservación de Registros Electrónicos en de Salud: propuesta de modelado de la cadena de custodia de las informaciones orgánicas del Sistema Único de Salud

Este artigo apresenta uma proposta de modelagem conceitual da cadeia de custódia para os Registros Eletrônicos em Saúde (RES). O interesse em conhecer os critérios de autenticidade dos RES encaminhados dos serviços até o Portal do DATASUS gerou esta investigação. A pesquisa é exploratória e descritiva por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura e documental para prospecção e análise sobre autenticidade e preservação dos RES. A partir dos resultados encontrados foram identificados os custodiadores e a proposta de modelagem da cadeia de custódia para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Espera-se que os custodiadores modelados assimilem subsídios para a criação de repositórios digitais em saúde confiáveis e recomenda-se a adoção e a incorporação dos processos de gestão arquivística de documentos articulados com os da TI.

This article presents a proposal of conceptual modeling of the chain of custody for Electronic Health Records (EHR). The curiosity to know the authenticity criteria of the EHR sent from the services to the DATASUS Portal generated this investigation. The research is both exploratory and descriptive by means of a systemic literature and documental review for the prospection and analysis on authenticity and preservation of the EHR. According to the results found, the custodians and the proposal of custody chain modeling for Unified Health System (SUS) were identified. The modeled custodians are expected to assimilate subsidies for the creation of reliable digital health repositories. It is recommended that they adopt and incorporate the articulated processes of archival management to those from the IT.

Este artículo presenta una propuesta de modelado conceptual de la cadena de custodia para Registros Electrónicos en Salud (RES). La curiosidad por conocer los criterios de autenticidad de los RES enviados desde los servicios hacia el Portal DATASUS generó esta investigación. La investigación es exploratoria y descriptiva a través de una revisión sistemática de literatura y documental para la prospección y análisis de autenticidad y preservación de los RES. A partir de los resultados encontrados, se identificaron los custodios y la propuesta de modelado de la cadena de custodia para el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). Se espera que los custodios modelados asimilen los subsidios para la creación de repositorios digitales en salud confiables y se recomienda la adopción e incorporación de los procesos de gestión de archivos de documentos articulados con los de TI.

Effect of adaptive movement on durability and working time of twisted file

PURPOSE: Recently TF-adaptive movement is developed in order to increase the durability of TF files. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of adaptive movement on durability and performance of twisted files. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Resin blocks simulating artificial J-shape canals were used for this study. In TFC group, TF-adaptive ML-1 (25/.08 size) files were used to prepare the canals under continuous rotation 500 rpm/4.0 Ncm. In TFA group, TF-adaptive ML-1 (25/.08 size) files were used to prepare the canals under adaptive movement. After preparing each artificial canal, TF files were observed under dental microscope for assessing existence of unwinding, distortion, and fracture. If unwinding of flute was observed, the number of artificial canals until unwinding of flute occurs was recorded. Required time until instruments reach working length and distance of unwinded portion of files from D0 were measured. All test results were conducted by Mann-Whitney U test at a 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: No NiTi instrument's separation was observed. Number of resin blocks until file unwinding happens and working time was significantly high in TFA group compared to TF group. Distance of distortion from D0 didn't show significant difference between TFA, TF groups. CONCLUSION: The number of resin blocks prepared until unwinding happens and working time were significantly high in TFA group. The location of unwinding showed no significant difference between 2 groups. Adaptive movement increased the number of canals prepared until unwinding occurs and working time of twisted files.

Identificación de microorganismos en archivos coloniales del archivo y bibliotecas nacionales previamente desinfectados en cámara de gas inerte / Identification of microorganisms in colonial archives of the archive and national libraries previously disinfected in the inerts gas chamber

Sucre ciudad turística que alberga una gran riqueza cultural distribuida en los diferentes museos e instituciones que contienen información de Bolivia como sucede con los Archivos y Biblioteca Nacionales de Bolivia que cuentan con una amplia colección en archivos con documentos que datan desde tiempos de la colonia e incluso libros que conllevan más de mil años de antigüedad cuyas características motivaron la presente investigación que con base en otra desarrollada el 2016 donde se identificaron microorganismos causantes del deterioro en archivos coloniales del Archivo y Biblioteca Nacionales de Bolivia, tiene el objetivo de identificar microorganismos presentes en archivos coloniales del Archivo y Biblioteca Nacionales de Bolivia previamente desinfectados en cámara de gas inerte; la investigación se realizó entre octubre del 2017 y mayo del 2018. Para su desarrollo se adoptó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y de corte transversal tomando como objeto de estudio 20 archivos coloniales ya estudiados que contienen microorganismos degradantes, mismos que fueron previamente desinfectados en la cámara de gas inerte para la toma de muestra y posterior análisis laboratorial destinado a validar la efectividad de la cámara. Se encontró mayor porcentaje de bacterias con relación a los hongos, por lo que la eficacia de cámara de gas inerte es mayor contra los hongos, quedando así validada la cámara. Los resultados alcanzados servirán para proponer alternativas de tratamiento no solo a los archivos sino a todos los documentos contenidos en el Archivo y Bibliotecas Nacionales de Bolivia a fin de preservar nuestra Historia hacia futuras generaciones y no perder nuestra riqueza cultural de Bolivia y el Mundo.

Sucre tourist city that houses a great cultural wealth distributed in the different museums and institutions that contain information from Bolivia as it happens with the National Archives and Library of Bolivia that have an extensive collection in archives with documents dating from colonial times and even books that carry more than a thousand years old whose characteristics motivated the present investigation that based on another one developed in 2016 where microorganisms causing the deterioration in colonial archives of the National Archive and Library of Bolivia were identified, have the objective of identifying microorganisms present in archives Colonial National Archives and Library of Bolivia previously disinfected in inert gas chamber; the investigation was conducted between October 2017 and May 2018 For its development, a descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was adopted, taking as an object of study 20 colonial archives already studied that contain degrading microorganisms, which were previously disinfected in the inert gas chamber for sampling and subsequent laboratory analysis. to validate the effectiveness of the camera. A higher percentage of bacteria was found in relation to fungi, so the efficiency of the inert gas chamber is higher against fungi, thus validating the chamber. The results achieved will serve to propose treatment alternatives not only to the archives but to all the documents contained in the Archive and National Libraries of Bolivia in order to preserve our History towards future generations and not lose our cultural wealth of Bolivia and the World.

Análise da qualidade da imagem e arquivamento de radiografias periapicais / Analysis of image quality and archiving of periapical radiographs

Objetivo: Avaliar as radiografias odontológicas periapicais obtidas por estudantes de graduação do curso de Odontologia, quanto à qualidade da imagem e do arquivamento. Métodos: Foram avaliados 476 prontuários de pacientes atendidos na clínica-escola durante os anos de 2011 a 2015, totalizando 2.248 radiografias periapicais. Duas examinadoras calibradas (Kappa médio = 0,80) avaliaram as radiografias classificando-as quanto à qualidade da imagem (satisfatórias ou com erros de técnica e/ou processamento) e quanto ao arquivamento (radiografias cartonadas e/ou identificadas ou não). Os dados foram submetidos a análise descritiva usando o software SPSS 23. Resultados: Constatou-se que 79,80% das radiografias possuíam pelo menos um erro, somando 3.316 erros. Os erros de processamento foram mais frequentes (68,20%) que os de técnica (31,80%), sendo os principais: radiografias amareladas (24,33%), pouco densas (14,90%) ou muito densas (10,14%). Quanto à técnica, os erros mais frequentes foram radiografias borradas ou tremidas (7,46%), angulação incorreta (7,56%), posicionamento incorreto do picote (5,91%) e corte da área de interesse (4,78%). Em relação à qualidade do arquivamento, 9,59% representaram radiografias que não estavam identificadas e 0,96% radiografias não estavam cartonadas. Conclusão: Há alto percentual de erros nas radiografias periapicais realizadas pelos estudantes nas clínicas da graduação em Odontologia, sendo as mais comuns durante o processamento, principalmente por insuficiência ou falta de lavagem final das radiografias.(AU)

Aim: To evaluate the image and archiving quality of dental periapical radiographs taken by undergraduate dentistry students. Methods: The dental records of 476 patients treated in a clinical school from 2011 to 2015 were evaluated, amounting to 2,248 periapical radiographs. After calibration (Medium Kappa = 0.80), two researchers classified them for image quality (satisfactory or presenting technical and/or processing errors) and archiving quality (cartoned and/or identified radiographs or not). The collected data were analyzed using the software SPSS 23. Results: The unsatisfactory radiographs (79.80%) presented 3,316 errors. Processing errors were more frequent (68.20%) than technique errors (31.80%). These errors mainly included: yellow spot on the image (24.33%), low density (14.90%), or high density (10.14%). Regarding the technique, frequent blurred images (7.46%), incorrect angulation (7.56%), incorrect positioning of the film dot (5.91%), and cut of the area of interest (4.78%). Concerning archiving quality, errors included no patient identification (9.59%) and not cartoned (0.96%). Conclusion: A high rate of quality errors was found in the radiographs taken by undergraduate dentistry students, especially in radiograph processing, mostly from a lack of final washing of the radiographs.(AU)

Morphometric evaluation and planning of anticurvature filing in roots of maxillary and mandibular molars

This study aimed to guide the planning of anticurvature filing using pre-determined anatomical points on teeth to establish directions for proper implementation of the technique. Two hundred digital periapical radiographs of human molar teeth were selected and divided into two groups (n = 100): MX (maxillary) and MD (mandibular) molars. Mesiobuccal roots were considered for the MX group and mesial roots for the MD group. Pre-determined anatomical points required for planning the anticurvature filing on the root canal path were located, and the distances between these points obtained. The anticurvature filing was simulated in two different protocols for each group, and the region of dentin removal and the remaining dentin thickness were measured in the safety and danger zones of the root canals. Statistical analysis was carried out at a significance level of 5%. The distances between the anatomical points and the thickness of remaining dentin showed significant differences when the two groups were compared (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between the two experimental groups regarding the area of dentin removal at the root region, but differences were detected in comparison with dentin removal at the crown (p < 0.001). In terms of wear produced after simulation of both anticurvature filing protocols, significant differences were verified for all regions, except for the dentin remaining at the danger zone. The radiographic location of anatomical points allows for planning and implementation of controlled and efficient anticurvature filing and can be performed in the same manner for maxillary and mandibular molars.

Early aesthetic dentistry in the Philippines: An anthropological perspective

Aesthetic dentistry in the manner of tooth modification or ornamentation existed in the Philippines long before the Spaniards first arrived. Tooth filing, gold pegging and staining were the popular methods used then. For beauty, style and not to have features similar to that of animals, have been cited as reasons for its practice.

Significant predictors of underutilization of inpatient benefits among PhilHealth members in selected barangays in Manila

BACKGROUND: Underutilization of PhilHealth benefits undermines the effective distribution of public resources. To formulate effective strategies, the factors affecting the utilization of members must be studied. OBJECTIVES: To (1) assess the rate of underutilization of inpatient benefits and (2) determine the association of chosen factors with PhilHealth underutilization of selected member groups in three barangays in Manila. METHODS: The study was done in selected Barangays in Manila. Using the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) method of sampling, a sample size of 147 households were obtained and interviewed  for the study. An interview guide was used to gather the data needed for analysis. Chi-square test was then used to determine existing associations between underutilization and the chosen factors. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The chi-square test of association revealed that gender (p-value=0.034), income (p-value=0.026), and type of membership (p-value=0.027) are significantly associated with underutilization. Females and paying members were found to be more frequent users. Gap between the utilization and underutilization rates was found to be greatest in the lowest income groups. 'Lack of knowledge on filing claims' (p-value

Búsqueda y selección de una proteasa fúngica con potencial aplicación en la restauración de documentos históricos en el Archivo de Bogotá / Screening for a fungal protease with potential in the biorestoration of historical valuable documents in Bogota Archive

Se ha buscado y seleccionado sistemáticamente una proteasa que pudiese ser usada en la eliminación "limpia" de encolantes sobre soportes documentales con valor de patrimonio histórico de forma eficiente y económica, a partir de la colección de hongos filamentosos del Archivo de Bogotá. De 74 morfotipos viables evaluados sobre placas selectivas, 32 morfotipos presentaron formación de halos de hidrólisis evidentes sobre placas diferenciales. De ellos, se evaluó el perfil isoenzimático de 8 morfotipos provenientes de muestreos documentales directos y de 2 morfotipos proteolíticos promisorios provenientes de un trabajo previo. Los 10 morfotipos seleccionados fueron representativos de los géneros Penicillium, Stachybotrys, Chaetomium, y Eladia. Luego de inducir la producción de proteasas extracelulares en medios líquidos diferenciales bajo tres fases de fermentación, se realizaron isoelectroénfoques analíticos tendientes a la observación de isoformas en el gradiente de pH establecido (3.0-10.0). Solo los morfotipos 8D (Chaetomium sp.) y 21D (Eladia saccula) presentaron una isoforma alcalina extrema, de puntos isoeléctricos 8.5 y 8.8, respectivamente, susceptible de selección con miras a su purificación y caracterización parcial de forma económica y eficiente. Los demás morfotipos, representativos de los géneros Penicillium sp., y Stachybotrys sp., presentaron unicamente isoformas proteolíticas en el rango acido de pH con puntos isoeléctricos que oscilan entre 4.0 y 5.0.

Studies on a protease as an efficient, environmental friendly and relatively economical remover of residual proteins for historical valuable documents were performed and was selected for this work, from the filamentous fungi collection of the Bogota Archive. 32 morphotypes of 74 evaluated show hydrolytic activities over differential solid media. From them, 8 morphotypes obtained directly from documental samples and representative of the genera Penicillium and Stachybotrys were selected and their isoenzyme profile were tested. Also 2 previous morphotypes with promisorius proteolytic activities and representative of the genera Chaetomium and Eladia were analysed. Extracelullar proteases production was induced in differential liquid media on three fermentation steps and analitycal isoelectrofocusing were performed over pH 3.0-10.0 ranges. Only the morphotypes 8D (Chaetomium sp.), and 21D (Eladia sp.), showed an alkaline isoform with pIs 8.5 and 8.8, respectly, suceptible of selection for its purification and characterization through efficient and economical way. The others morphotypes only showed acid isoforms with pIs in the range of 4.0 and 5.0.

Project e-HD: an archive system for electronic documents on high dilution research / Projeto e-HD: um sistema de arquivamento para documentos eletrônicos sobre pesquisa em altas diluições / Proyecto e-HD: un sistema de archivamiento de documentos electrónicos sobre la investigación em alta dilución

Peer-reviewed journals and indexing agencies play a crucial role in the construction of knowledge since they discriminate between what is good science and what it is not. However, this represents only the tip of the iceberg of knowledge: below the surface, there is a strong undercurrent of ideas, unfinished theoretical elaborations, and multiple proposals for new experimental models. Some of interesting, other more limited and a further group untenable, they all share the fact that they are left aside and hidden from the sight of most people, including the scientists. This article introduces e-HD, a novel initiative to file electronic documents (e-doc) referred to High Dilution research. It is open to pre- and post-prints, lecture slides, videos, institutional websites and any other format of e-doc relevant to HDs. e-HD seeks thus to increase the visibility of HD research in the scientific environment.

Revistas com revisão por pares e agências indexadoras exercem um papel crucial na construção do conhecimento, uma vez que discriminam o que é e o que não é uma boa ciência. No entanto, estas representam apenas o topo do iceberg do conhecimento: abaixo da superfície existe uma forte movimentação de idéias, elaborações teóricas não terminadas e múltiplas propostas para novos modelos experimentais. Algumas são interessantes, outras mais limitadas, outras inaceitáveis, porém todas dividindo o fato de que são deixadas de lado e fadadas ao esquecimento pela maioria das pessoas, inclusive os pesquisadores. Este artigo introduz o projeto e-HD, uma nova iniciativa para o arquivamento de documentos eletrônicos (e-doc) relacionados a pesquisas em Altas Diluições. e-HD está aberta para pré- e pós-prints, slides de palestras, vídeos, websites institucionais e qualquer outro formato de e-docs relevantes para a área. e-HD busca dessa forma aumentar a visibilidade das pesquisas em HD, no ambiente científico

Revistas revisadas por pares y los organismos de indexación desempeñan un papel crucial en la construcción del conocimiento, ya que discriminan entre lo que es buena y lo que es mala ciencia. Sin embargo, esto representa sólo la punta del iceberg del conocimiento: por debajo de la superficie, hay una fuerte corriente de ideas, elaboraciones teóricas no terminadas y múltiples propuestas para nuevos modelos experimentales. Algunos de ellos interesantes, otros más limitados y un grupo aún insostenible, todos comparten el hecho de que se los dejan alejados y ocultos a la vista de la mayoría de las personas, incluyendo a los científicos. En este artículo se presenta projecto e-HD, una novedosa iniciativa para reunir los documentos electrónicos (e-doc) vinculados a la investigación de las altas diluciónes. Está abierto a pre- y post-prints, las diapositivas de conferencias, videos, sitios web institucionales y cualquier otro formato de los e-doc para HD. e-HD pretende aumentar así la visibilidad de la investigación en altas diluciones en el ambiente científico

Evolución de la ciencia archivística / Evolution of the Archive Science

Se estudia la evolución histórica de la ciencia archivística, sus principales conceptos; así como las etapas de su desarrollo. Se examinan los paradigmas transitados por esta ciencia, a saber: paradigma clásico y paradigma social.

The historical evolution of the Archive Science, its main concepts and the stages of its development are studied. The paradigms through which this science has gone through, that is, classic paradigm and social paradigm, are examined.

Avaliação da Comprovação de Documentos Emitidos Durante oAtendimento Odontológico e do Arquivamento das Radiografias nosProntuários de Saúde da Unimontes, Montes Claros, Brasil / Assessment of the Corroboration of Documents Issued During the Dental Treatment and Radiograph Filing in the Health Records of the State University of Montes Claros (Unimontes) in Montes Claros, MG, Brazil

Objetivo: Avaliar os prontuários de saúde das ClínicasOdontológicas da Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros(Unimontes), Minas Gerais, Brasil, com relação à presença de cópiasde documentos emitidos durante o atendimento clínico, assim comoavaliar o arquivamento das radiografias odontológicas.Método: Foram incluídos todos os prontuários de pacientesatendidos no 1º semestre de 2005 em disciplinas do 4º ao 9ºperíodo do curso de graduação em Odontologia da Unimontes. Osdados foram coletados por um único examinador devidamentecalibrado. A análise estatística descritiva foi realizada no programaSPSS for Windows versão 11.0.Resultados: Analisaram-se oitocentos e oitenta e um (881)prontuários odontológicos, sendo encontradas cópias dedocumentos em 69,5 por cento desses. De todos os prontuários, quatropor cento (4 por cento) possuíam orientações profissionais, quarenta e umpor cento (41 por cento) prescrições medicamentosas, vinte e dois porcento (22 por cento) encaminhamentos para outros profissionais de saúde,dez por cento (10 por cento) atestados de saúde, e 37,5 por cento possuíam outrosdocumentos, como diário dietético, questionário de avaliação dousuário, solicitação de exames, planejamento cirúrgico e resultadosde exames laboratoriais. As radiografias odontológicas foramencontradas em 72 por cento dos prontuários de saúde, sendo que 69 por centoestavam arquivadas em cartões apropriados, 43 por cento não estavamdatadas e 58 por cento não identificadas.Conclusão: A maioria dos prontuários apresentava cópias dedocumentos e que um elevado percentual de radiografias nãoapresentava o arquivamento correto.

Utilidad de las soluciones archivísticas para la gestión de información en los sistemas electrónicos del sector de la salud / Usefulness of the archive solutions for information management in the electronic systems of the health care sector

El documento archivístico es el subproducto documental de los actos o transacciones de la sociedad; por ello la garantía de su veracidad resulta esencial para el desarrollo ordenado de las relaciones humanas. Es por esto que su creación, mantenimiento y preservación siempre han estado condicionados por un conjunto de reglas que garantizan que dichos documentos puedan considerarse evidencia veraz de dichas transacciones. Se presentan algunos abordajes teóricos y soluciones prácticas para garantizar que los documentos archivísticos puedan considerarse evidencia confiable y autentica de transacciones en el ambiente electrónico. Asimismo, se aborda la utilidad que dichas soluciones tienen para la gestión de información en los sistemas electrónicos del sector de la salud, debido a la alta sensibilidad que tienen en dichos sistemas, la seguridad y la confidencialidad de la información.

The archival document is the documentary by-product of the acts or transactions of society; because of this, the guarantee of its veracity is essential for the organized development of the human relations. That's why their creation, maintenance and preservation have always been conditioned by a number of rules that guarantee that such documents can be considered a truthful evidence of these transactions. Some theoretical approaches and practical solutions are presented to assure that the archival documents can be considered a reliable and authentic evidence of the transactions in the electronic environment. Likewise, the usefulness these solutions have for the information management in the electronic systems of the health sector is dealt with, due to the importance the security and confidentiality of the information have.

Perceptions of patients, doctors and clerks of their roles in causing problems in medical records

To study the perceptions of clerks, doctors and patients regarding their roles in the causation of current problems in medical records in Primary Health Capital area. The problems were summarized as follows: the nonretrieval, improper storage and loss by clerks, the non recording by doctors, and the no-arranging and nonrequesting for file retrieval by patients. The aim was to study the possible strategies for each group of personnel dealing with the medical records in Kuwait. Method: 16 clinics in the capital health area were studied out of 20. Four clinics were excluded as the percentages of Kuwaiti citizens were less than 50% of the population. The study consisted of three parts. Self-filled questionnaires were administered at the three possible levels of interaction: the clerks, the doctors and the patients. The sample of doctors consisted of all those working in primary care clinics of the capital area [101 participated], the sample of clerks consisted of all clerks working in general practice section in the morning shift from the 16 clinics [47 participated], and then a convenience sample of patients in the waiting rooms of each clinic taken in the morning shift [521 patients participated]. Main outcome: The perceptions of clerks, doctors and patients of their roles in the current problems in medical records. [a] The majorities of patients [82.7%], clerks [93.5%] and doctors [92%] had good perception of the importance of having a medical record for every patient. [b] The overall rate of file retrieval by clerks was 69% [range 48-100%]. [c] The overall rate of doctor's recording in the file was 60.5% [range 42-100%]. 56% of clerks blamed the lack of files on the clinic itself and 53% blamed overcrowding as a cause of not retrieving the medical record. A significant correlation [two-sided] at 0.001 level was observed between the non-retrieval of files and the absence of files from the clinic, absence of a law for punishment, lazy clerks and the ways of keeping and storing medical records. 66% of doctors insisted on retrieving patient's file on each visit, 74% of doctors could work without a file. 87% of patients already had their medical records but only 46% of patients always asked for their files when they came to the clinic. 79% of patients said that they always brought their civil identity cards for clinic visits and 71% agreed to make a file when they didn't have one. Conclusions: Although clerks, doctors and patients had good perceptions of the importance of having a medical record, yet there was a real problem of the medical records retrieval and storing system. All the three parties played a role in the filing system defect and should cooperate to correct it

El archivo de historias clínicas. Cuestión de espacio / The archive of medical histories. A matter of space

Profesionales y técnicos en Registros Médicos han realizado grandes esfuerzos para resolver la falta de espacio donde incluir más historias clínicas. Múltiples han sido las soluciones que se han dado a este problema. El presente trabajo propone para el archivo activo recuperar el 75 (por ciento) del espacio que ocupan los documentos originados en cada hospitalización a los 2 años del egreso del paciente y la creación de un archivo pasivo en discos ópticos

Procesamiento digital de imágenes, utilidad de la informática en videoendoscopia: nuestra experiencia / Digitalization of images, the use of computers in videoendoscopy: our experience

Introducción: la introducción de la fibrocolonoscopia revoluciona las posibilidades diagnósticas y terapéuticas de la patología colónica con documentación de imágenes mediante fotografías tomadas desde el cabezal del endoscopio. La aparición de la videoendoscopia permite luego la grabación de los exámenes en cintas de video o fotografiarlas mediante el sistema de video-printer. Material y métodos: se presenta la experiencia de 400 videocolonoscopias en el período enero 1997 a abril 1998 con un sistema informático que permite la captura de imágenes en una computadora personal mediante su digitalización. Discusión: la grabación en cintas de video tiene como ventaja la grabación completa del exámen y como desventajas el costo de equipamiento y material, que se duplica en caso de tomar copia para archivo, además del costo y pérdida de calidad de imagen, cuando se transforman en función docente; el sistema de procesamiento digital de imágenes se compone de una placa digitalizadora que transforma la señal RGB de video en idioma de computadora y el programa de captura de imágenes que funciona bajo Windows. Las imágenes se seleccionan, amplían e intercambian y se archivan junto a los datos del paciente y el informe. Se reproducen en disquete o impresos a través de un formulario personalizado de la plantilla Word. Resultados: como inconvenientes: a. problemas de funcionamiento inicial (noviembre 1996 a enero 1997) por ser el primer programa instalado en nuestro país y b. siendo la versión 1 del programa, es potencialmente mejorable; como sus ventajas principales: menor costo, sin problema de espacio para almacenamiento, buena calidad de imágenes con mejores posibilidades docentes y un control evolutivo más objetivo de los pacientes, útil sobre todo en patologías inflamatorias como la colitis ulcerosa. Consideramos que presenta ventajas con respecto a los dos sistemas anteriormente en uso.